Marine Protected Areas
In order to protect these habitats, we need to manage them; a task much easier said than done! Marine habitats are used by multiple stakeholders, with each having personal, and contrasting vested interests in the habitats use and future. One way of managing and protecting marine environments is through the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which are created by delineating zones with specific permitted and non-permitted uses within that zone. Before these zones are created, it is imperative to have detailed knowledge of the marine area, in order to define ecological boundaries and set objectives. MPAs encompass a variety of different protection levels, ranging from fully protected marine areas, marine reserves, no-take zones, ocean sanctuaries, marine sanctuaries, marine parks, and locally managed marine areas (just to name a few!). But to make it a little easier to understand what an MPA actually is, WWF have kindly defined it for us:
An area designated and effectively managed to protect marine ecosystems, processes, habitats, and species, which can contribute to the restoration and replenishment of resources for social, economic, and cultural enrichment.
Successful MPAs will protect and conserve crucial marine habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. They will significantly reduce the pressure on specific fish populations, and over time enable these species to repopulate and stabilise, resulting in a potential spill-over effect. They will also involve local communities and ensure that sustainable management of the MPA is possible through long-term monitoring.
Coral Cay Conservation and MPAs
Coral Cay Conservation has been active in the Philippines since 1994, and In 2002, the Southern Leyte Coral Reef Conservation Project (LRCP) was established with the Provincial Government of Southern Leyte, with a clear aim to protect the marine resources of Sogod Bay through establishing Marine Protected Areas (MPA). The LRCP is made up of 3 phases, with the first 2 phases complete, and third phase nearing completion.
1) Do MPAs result in increased diversity, density and biomass of fish compared to unprotected areas?
2) Do MPAs result in increased Scleractinian (hard) coral cover and a comparative decrease in reef respective reef stressor indicators?
3) Are small-scale MPAs supported by local stakeholders?
4) Do small MPAs hold the necessary governance and support to ensure “success” in Southern Leyte?
These questions will be answered by comparing historic data from Phase II with newly collected data from Phase III. Phase III will officially finish when our Philippines project re-launches! Due to COVID-19 and our temporary closure, we have had plenty of time to work hard and develop Phase IV of the project!
Coral Cay Conservation MPA success
Re-visiting MPAs and conducting surveys is essential in order to quantify the success of the MPA. This is achieved by carrying out bi-annual transects along the reef in the protected MPA, and the non-protected neighbouring area. These transects are carried out by our Coral Cay Conservation survey teams and are vital towards understanding the impact MPAs are having on biodiversity and overall reef health. Surveys in Barangay Napantao MPA have indicated that the added protection status positively influenced the abundance of Grouper and Snapper, as well as the abundance of Parrot fish. Higher abundances of juvenile parrotfish were also found outside of the Barangay Napantao MPA, indicating a spill over effect occurring from the reserve. As mentioned in the first blog of this series, herbivorous fish, such as parrotfish play a critical role in coral reef ecosystems; grazing on algae and preventing algal phase shifts. Grouper and Snapper are important predators in coral reef ecosystems and keep population numbers of other coral reef species in check. Additionally, these bi-annual surveys have also shown a higher composition of hard coral inside the MPA, highlighting a more resilient community residing within the MPA boundaries.
Global efforts to restore habitats and biodiversity to our oceans
Restoring the biodiversity of our ocean is a monumental task, and efforts must be seen globally in order for positive change to be actioned. In order to safeguard biodiversity, a large and growing body of scientists recommend protecting at least 30% of the ocean by 2030 (an executive summary explaining the creation of a global ocean treaty and the importance of protecting our High Seas is available here!) Protecting 30% of our ocean by 2030 is a phenomenal job, and will require excellent international coordination to manage the High Seas, which represent 46% of our planets surface, and are owned by no individual nation. The High Seas are the definition of international waters, and they may also be the key to restoring and safeguarding ocean biodiversity.
There is already hope that global fishing practices are gradually becoming more sustainable, and some scientists predict that full ocean restoration may be achievable by 2050! The next 10 years will be critical for our oceans, and it is now more important than ever to try and tread lightly on our planet.
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