30th August 2019
It's International Whale Shark Day so let's smash that and Freaky Fact Friday together! We are lucky enough to have the biggest fish in the ocean as a common sight, especially in the first quarter of the year. They can reach massive lengths, up to 12m (40 ft), that's about half the length of an Olympic swimming pool!
They cover huge distances of around 8000 miles every 3 years but we actually know very little about their migratory and reproductive behaviour. It was only in 19 95 that it was discovered that they are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female produces young by means of eggs, these are stored in her body where they hatch, and the young enter the world fully formed. Young whale sharks are vulnerable and due to the very low number of small whale sharks seen it is thought that over their first few years particularly they grow incredibly rapidly, a fully grown whale shark has few natural enemies!
23rd August 2019
We can't stay away from the deep sea dwelling species for very long, they're just so cool looking! Today it's all about the Viperfish (Genus: Chauliodus).
During the day these fish can be found as deep as 5000 feet, whereas during the night they may travel shallower to approx 250 ft. Darkness is their friend as they have a long dorsal spine with a photophore on the end, a light-emitting organ which they use to lure their prey just like a fishing rod. They are incredibly fast which helps them launch themselves at their unsuspecting prey, it is thought that they may be able to move two body lengths per second!
As can be seen in the photo above these fish boast the biggest teeth of any fish on earth relative to their head size! In fact their teeth won't even fit inside their mouth, when their jaws are closed the lower front teeth extend out above the upper jaw towards the eyes. As if that wasn't scary enough if this fish has eyes too big for its stomach it's not a problem as it has a hinged skull which can be rotated back to allow for a larger mouthful! Fascinates and gives us the heebie jeebies in equal measure! You can learn more here.
16th August 2019
Today we are looking at the atypical world of reproduction in pipefish (Syngnathinae). Pipefish are from the same family as seahorses, and similarly it is the male that takes the brunt of the reproductive care.
Pair bonding differs hugely between pipefish species, some are monogamous for life, others only for a season, some are polyandrous (a rare mating system where the female breeds with more than one male), and a couple are polygynandrous (where both males and females have multiple mating partners). In polygamous systems it is usually the male that must compete and therefore they are the ones that sport fantastic plumage, a mane, or antlers, however in polyandrous species this is reversed. Females of polyandrous pipefish for example feature brightly coloured ornaments to help them compete and attract more males.
After a courtship dance the female deposits her eggs via an ovipositor, in some species these eggs are stuck to a particular area of the male, in others the male has a pouch. The male then fertilises the eggs and shakes his pouch vigorously to ensure they are in place and make room for more eggs. The male is then responsible for ensuring that his brood receives all the necessary nutrients. This is very helpful for the female as she can immediately focus her energies on producing more eggs. When ready the male shakes his body and releases the young from a wide seam, they are born free-swimming and independent.
Why not check out the video above which shows the banded pipefish, a great example of a monogamous species.
9th August 2019
Today we are looking at Lampreys (order: Petromyzontiformes). Approximately half of the 38 species are parasitic carnivorous,and drink blood by latching onto their hosts and boring into their body. As can be seen in the picture above they have a set of gnashers which are the stuff of nightmares, they also have a tongue with hard plates which they can use to scrape away the skin, shudder!
Some species live in freshwater their entire lives, but others migrate to the sea, spending up to four years there before returning to freshwater to spawn. They first create nests, called 'redds', the female then releases thousands of eggs, which the male fertilises simultaneously. They are semelparous, meaning that after this one reproductive act they die. Rather harsh we know, but by doing this they can commit all of their resources to this one act, and typically produce more offspring than non-semelparous species (you can learn more about this here
). Do take a look at these little beauties for yourself in a NatGeo Wild documentary here.
Happy Freaky Fact Friday everyone! Today we are looking at the evolutionary models that are Lungfish ( Rhipidistia
, subclass Dipnoi
), this is because lungfish feature both gills and a lung! 5/6 species' gills are in fact now so atrophied that they can no longer rely on these for breathing and they must breath air. This is possible because their swim bladder, which in fish usually aids buoyancy, has evolved to work as a lung. Unlike other fish that are able to breath, their 'lung' is much more advanced with multiple air sacs, allowing for greater gas exchange.
As shown in this video
, lungfish have adapted to the harsh droughts of Africa by being able to survive for months out of water. They achieve this by burrowing down into the mud, and secreting a foamy substance which creates a cocoon, protecting them from dehydration, but still allowing for gas exchange. They then go into estivation: the summer version of hibernation, where they slow their metabolic rate down to as little as 1/60th of their norm!
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