31st May 2019
Today is a lesson in the idiom 'size isn't everything'. The survival of coral reefs, considering the low productivity of the surrounding oceans, has always been a mystery but new research
suggests that tiny Cryptobenthic fishes may be the answer.
Cryptobenthic refers to fish that are cryptic (hiding in crevices or camouflaged) and benthic (living on or near the seafloor). Microscopic plankton usually forms the basis of marine ecosystems but as these are not found in large abundances on coral reefs what exactly forms the basis of the food chain? Simon Brandl at Simon Fraser University collected data from individual corals in Belize, French Polynesia, and Australia, counting up to 100 cryptobenthic fish per square meter, and found that almost 70% of the larvae found within 10 kilometers of a reef belonged to these fishes. Their analysis suggests that these fish equate to 60% of the fish biomass consumed on the reefs, a figure which would make them a main source of fuel sustaining coral reefs!
Findings like this just go to show that from the tiniest invertebrate to the largest ocean giants, they all play an important role in the future of our oceans.
24th May 2019
Today we are
looking at the Cookiecutter Shark ( Isistius brasiliensis
). These small
parasitic sharks only reach about 22 inches but (in the 1970s at least) they
had the power to reroute submarines!
Although their name sounds rather sweet, it's actually got a rather gruesome
origin as it comes from the shape of the wound that they leave on their dinner!
They prey on a whole host of medium - large species; such as dolphins, whales
and sharks; latch onto them with their suction like lips, bite in, and then
rotate to take a circular chunk of flesh.
These diminutive sharks were all powerful in the 1970s as they would
occasionally attack the cables and sonar domes of US Navy Submarines,
effectively leaving them blind and forcing them to return to base. Not so
surprising when we know that the size of the crater left on prey species is
around 2 inches across and 2.8 inches deep, not your typical mosquito bite!
25th May 2019
Many volunteers that join us on our Philippines site take the opportunity to head over to Malapascua and visit the Thresher Sharks (Alopias vulpinus). Sadly, all three thresher shark species are listed as vulnerable due to commercial and recreational fishing. Today we are taking the opportunity to focus on this beautiful shark.
Thresher sharks have to be one of the most recognisable shark species out there, with their elongated caudal fins stretching out the same length as their bodies. But, did you know that these tails perform a brilliant function when it comes to feeding? The shark first corrals a shoal, encouraging them to form a bait ball. They then whip their tail forward, at speeds of up to 30 mph, to stun, disorientate, and in some cases, kill their prey!
The footage of shoals in this video are stunning and you can check out the tail-whip at 02:20. NB: we recommend turning off the audio for this, the music choice will leave you about as confused as a stunned sardine.
17th May 2019
Today we are looking at the rather sweet looking Dumbo Octopus (Genus: Grimpoteuthis). As can be seen in the video captured by Nautilus Live above these deep sea dwelling octopuses have two fins resembling Disney's Dumbo's ears. These octopus get about by slowly flapping these fins and use their arms to steer. The researchers in this video joke about the octopus 'inking', but in fact Grimpoteuthis do not have ink sacs and rely on their colour change abilities (explored further here) to ward off predators.
What's really cool about this genus is that the females can produce eggs throughout the year, and can store eggs at various states of maturation. When they meet a suitable male he will pass a sperm packet to the female using a special protuberance on one of his arms, and she can then choose to fertilise her eggs when the environment best suits. A very helpful adaptation when one lives a solitary existence in the deepest darkest ocean!
10th May 2019
Today we are looking at the Tripodfish (Genus: Bathypterois, Family: Ipnopidae). It's not too hard to see where this fish got its name from as it sports long fins which it is able to use as stilts! This may sound a little strange but in fact it makes absolute sense, by raising themselves off the ocean floor they are able to perch themselves in the middle of the current where they can be at rest whilst waiting for prey to come to them, lazy but effective!
As can be seen in Nautilus Live 's footage above the very rigid fins instantly become flexible when swimming, through the use of a sort of internal water pump. Tripodfish, like a solitary life but have a simpler time of it when it comes to spreading their genes as they are both Hermaphroditic and can self-fertilise. This means that they are born with both male and female sexual organs so when they meet a mate either one can produce sperm and the other eggs, or if mates are scarce they can bypass mating all together and simply fertilise their own eggs.
The fish in the footage is relatively small (or just far away ;)) but in fact their tripod fins can grow up to a metre, three times their body length! Check out the footage above of this cool creature.
3rd May 2019
Today we are looking at some small but seriously mighty amphipods, called Hirondellea gigas .
These deep-sea crustaceans live at depths of more than 10,000 metres. At that sort of depth, your garden variety amphipod would be crushed due to a combination of high pressure, low temperature and skeleton dissolving acidity, but these tiny creatures manage to survive through the deployment of a layer of armour.
The researchers discovered how this is done by exposing the chemicals in its gut to metal-rich ocean sediment, as would likely happen when the crustacean is eating. It was found that the chemicals were able to extract metals from the sediment and transform this into the gel state of aluminum hydroxide in alkaline seawater, forming a protective layer. What they lack in size they make up for in adaptability!
You can learn more here , and read the full study in this month's PLOS ONE.
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